Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Spenser. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando entradas con la etiqueta Spenser. Mostrar todas las entradas

martes, 2 de noviembre de 2021

2. LITERATURA INGLESA RENACENTISTA

2. LITERATURA INGLESA RENACENTISTA

El día 2 trataremos sobre Donne, Marvell y la literatura de mediados del siglo XVII, terminando el tema 2. Y pasamos la semana siguiente al tema 3 (literatura de la Restauración y Siglo XVIII) empezando por JOHN MILTON.


En la Sección B, seguimos con el Tema 7, con Philip Larkin y Harold Pinter: Literatura inglesa y norteamericana 1900-1960.


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Algunos prosistas ingleses de la primera mitad del siglo XVII:



Sir Francis Bacon  (1561-1626)

_____. Essays. 
1597, 1612, 1625.   Observaciones sobre prudencia, gobierno, sabiduría, y ética, por parte de un político importante.
_____.  The Advancement of Learning.
1605.  Una panorámica del conocimiento de su época y de sus progresos.
_____.  Novum Organum. 
1620.  Una nueva teoría de la ciencia experimental, en oposición a Aristóteles.
_____. The New Atlantis.
1627. Una visión utópica del futuro de la ciencia.

 



Robert Burton
    (1577-1640)
_____. The Anatomy of Melancholy. 1621-1638. (An encyclopedic baroque treatise on depression, madness, and love melancholy).


 
 





 
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
_____. De Cive.
1642. English trans 1651.
_____. Human Nature: or The Fundamental Elements of Policy.
1650.
_____. De Corpore Politico: or the Elements of Law, Moral and Politick.
1650.
_____. Leviathan: Or the Matter, Form, and Power of A Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil.
Political philosophy. 1651. (Una de las principales obras de teoría política de todos los tiempos, y una justificación del poder absoluto del Estado).
_____.
The Elements of Philosophy. 1655.
_____. Opera philosophica quae Latine scripsit.  1668.
_____. Behemoth: The History of the Causes of the Civil Wars of England.
1679, rev. ed. 1681.
_____
, trans. The Iliads and Odysses of Homer. 1675.



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  Más sobre el gran filósofo Thomas Hobbes (NIVEL AVANZADO)

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Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682)
_____.  Religio Medici.   1643. Una defensa de la fe y de la moderación en religión, desde el punto de vista anglicano.
_____. Vulgar Errors (Pseudodoxia Epidemica). 1646. Una colección de curiosidades históricas y científicas, y refutación de errores populares al respecto.
_____.  Hydriotaphia, or Urn Burial... together with The Garden of Cyrus.  1658. Una meditación sobre la mortalidad y las sepulturas, y otra sobre la estructura numérica del universo.





Repaso histórico:

Algunos acontecimientos importantes del siglo XVII inglés:

Reinado de Jacobo I ("The Jacobean age") 1603-1625. Unión de las coronas inglesa y escocesa (pero no de los reinos). Colonias anglicanas en Virginia.
The Gunpowder Plot (1605) - "Guy Fawkes Day," the 5th of November. Odio público a los católicos.

Reinado de su hijo Charles I
("The Caroline age"), 1625-1649. Supremacía anglicana, y nuevas colonias (puritanas) en Nueva Inglaterra.

Guerras civiles y primera revolución: 1640-48 - "Long Parliament" y Commonwealth. Supresión de la Iglesia anglicana (y de los teatros y fiestas populares).

Ejecución de Charles I (1649). Oliver Cromwell, "Lord Protector" (1653-58)  (Sobre estos acontecimientos puede verse la película MATAR A UN REY (To Kill a King)).

Restauración de Charles II (1660-85), del anglicanismo y de los teatros y fiestas populares.

James II (Jacobo II, hermano de Charles II) reina 1685-88 - reacción contra el rey católico.

Segunda revolución inglesa (1688) - Reinado de William of Orange y Mary II (hija de James II). Monarquía parlamentaria.

Unión de los reinos de Inglaterra y Escocia: The United Kingdom of Great Britain (bajo Queen Anne, hija de James II, en 1707).

 

 

 
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Finales de octubre-principios de noviembre. Dejamos atrás a Shakespeare,  y nuestros siguientes autores de las lecturas serán por este orden Ben Jonson, John Donne, y Andrew Marvell, terminando así el tema 2. Traed sus lecturas, es importante tener los textos a mano en clase para hacer notas, etc. Mirad que leer literatura clásica es una manera intensiva de practicar y aprender inglés, para mejorar el nivel.

A continuación empezaremos el tema 3, "Literatura inglesa 1660-1800" con otro de los principales clásicos ingleses, John Milton.

 

 

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ANDREW MARVELL         (1621-1678)
   

English metaphysical poet and satirist, born in Yorkshire, lived in Kingston-upon-Hull, studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, BA 1639; father died while he was a student; patronized by wealthy friends, 1640s travels widely in Europe, visits Constantinople; 1651-2 tutor for Sir Thomas Fairfax's family at Nunappleton, Yorkshire; later tutor employed by Oliver Cromwell near Eton; then lived in London, 1657 assistant to Milton as Latin Secretary; 1660, 1661 MP for Hull, 1662-5 diplomatic secretary in Holland and Russia; Opposition MP for Hull, salaried by constituents; friend of Prince Rupert, anti-Government satirist under the Restoration, anti-Anglican polemicist, refused employment and bribes from the King, died of a 'tertian ague', some say poisoned; buried at St. Giles; poems published posthumously by his housekeeper or alleged wife.

_____. "An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland." Written 1650.
_____. "Upon Appleton House." Poem. 1651, pub. 1678.
_____. "Bermudas." Poem.  c. 1650.
_____. "The Garden." Poem. c. 1650. Luminarium:
    http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/marvell/garden.htm
_____. "The Mower against Gardens." Poem. c. 1650.
http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/marvell/mowagainst.htm
_____. "To His Coy Mistress."    c. 1650. http://www.poetsgraves.co.uk/Classic%20Poems/Marvell/to_his_coy_mistress.htm
_____. (Anon.). An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government in England....  Prose satire. "Amsterdam", 1678. (Folio).
_____. Miscellaneous Poems.  1681.

Sobre Andrew Marvell, unos apuntes complementarios.



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JOHN DONNE (1572-1631)
English metaphysical poet, b. London, Catholic gentry stock; st. Oxford, Cambridge, Lincoln's Inn; travelled Spain and Italy; secretary to Lord Chancellor and MP; secretly married patron's niece Anne More, dismissed in disgrace; many children, impoverished gentry, l. Surrey, ordained Anglican Priest; favour at King James's Court, Dean of St. Paul's, theatrical preacher, notorious weaver of paradoxes and alambicated wit.

_____. "Songs and Sonets" —in Poems.
_____. "Elegies"—in Poems.
_____. "Satires." —in Poems.
_____. Biathanatos. Discourse on suicide. Written 1608, posth. pub.
_____. Pseudo-Martyr. Discourse against Catholics. 1610.
_____. Ignatius His Conclave. Prose satire. 1610-11.
 _____. The First Anniversary. Elegy. 1611.
_____. "Divine Poems." —in  Poems.
_____. Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. 1624.
_____. Poems.  1633. 2nd ed. 1635.
_____. Essays in Divinity. 1651.



Apuntes sobre Donne:


John Donne.  In Luminarium:
http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/donne/index.html



Some notes on John Donne (from The Penguin Short History of English Literature).

-A note on the metaphysical poets and the metaphysical conceit.
 
- Un famoso pasaje de las Devotions upon Emergent Occasions de Donne—no es propiamente un poema, pero también lo es: No Man is an Island.


Otro famoso poema de Donne: "The Canonization": http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173353

- John Donne, Sonnet XIX - O to vex me...
 
- Sobre "The Good-Morrow"
está esta explicación que hice yo hace tiempo, o esta otra en vídeo.
 

 
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NIVEL AVANZADO:  Dos poemas de otros "poetas metafísicos" anglicanos:

- George Herbert: "Prayer, 1".

- Henry Vaughan: "The Retreat."

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BEN JONSON     (1572-1637)

English dramatist and poet, born in Westminster, orphaned son of a Protestant minister, studied at Westminster School, left Cambridge without a degree, apprenticed as bricklayer to his stepfather; volonteer in Flanders army 1592, killed enemy in single combat, actor in London c. 1594, imprisoned for manslaughter, converted to Catholicism for some time, married 1594, 2 children died; returned to Anglicanism 1606; pensioned by the King 1616; honorary MA Oxford 1619; poet for aristocratic patrons, apologist of Stuart royalty; neoclassical theorist and literary authority, overweight and hard drinker; model for Cavalier poets and Restoration dramatists.


_____.  Every Man in his Humour. Comedy. 1596, 1598. (Prologue)
_____. Cynthia's Revels. Drama.  1600.
_____. Every Man Out of His Humour. Comedy. 1600.
_____. The Poetaster. Comedy. Acted at Blackfriars, 1601.
_____. Sejanus His Fall. Tragedy. 1603.
_____. The Masque of Blackness. Acted 1605.

_____. Volpone. Comedy. 1606.
_____. Epicoene: Or, The Silent Woman. Comedy. 1609-10.
_____. The Masque of Queens. 1609.
_____. The Alchemist. Comedy. c. 1610.
_____. Catiline His Conspiracy. Tragedy. Pub. 1611.
_____. Love Restored. Masque. 1612.
_____. Bartholomew Fair. Comedy. 1614.
_____. The Workes of Beniamin Jonson.  1616.

_____. "To the Memory of my Beloved, Master William Shakespeare, and What He Has Left Us." 1623. 
_____. The Staple of Newes. Comedy. 1626.
_____. Works. 2nd ed. 1640. (Including: Timber: Or, Discoveries, criticism).

 

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 Some notes on Ben Jonson


Ben Jonson: NIVEL AVANZADO
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El lunes 2 seguiremos con Ben Jonson, y pasamos rápidamente a Donne y Marvell, para terminar la unidad 2.

El 25 y 26 de octubre seguimos centrados en Shakespeare, y pasamos a continuación a Ben Jonson.

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 NIVEL AVANZADO: Hamlet.

 

 

Richard II: The Deposition Scene (IV.1)

As You Like It: All the World's a Stage

Macbeth: The Sleepwalking Scene (V.1)



SHAKESPEARE -  MÁS MATERIALES A NIVEL AVANZADO

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Esta semana vemos algo de Shakespeare. Leed algo por anticipado— o id recuperando algo de lecturas pasadas si preferís. Voy añadiendo materiales relativos a los temas ya vistos en clase, en cada una de las unidades.

No olvidéis traer los textos a clase.
Procuraremos leer todos los días un ratito, y traducir y comentar al paso. Así pues, esta semana Shakespeare primero, y después pasamos a Jonson, Donne y Marvell, por ese orden.



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Una introducción a Shakespeare en su contexto histórico (nivel algo avanzado).

En Project Gutenberg tenéis los textos completos de todas las obras de Shakespeare. Por ejemplo:

The Tragedy of King Richard II

(the deposition scene: 4.1)

 

Hay muchas películas sobre obras de Shakespeare. Sobre el mismo Shakespeare, una película reciente recomendable es All Is True (El último acto), de Kenneth Branagh. Aquí una canción de Shakespeare de esta película: "Fear No More".

 


Seguimos mientras añadiendo autores del siglo XX en la SECCIÓN B

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WORKS BY SHAKESPEARE


William Shakespeare (1564-1616), born and dead in Stratford-upon-Avon, leading dramatist with the King's Men at the Globe Theatre, London; poet and actor; collaborated with Ben Jonson, Marston, and Fletcher; major writer of history plays, comedies, tragicomedies, tragedies and dramatic romances. Total dramatist, both realistic, poetic and metadramatic; keen sense of the stage and of social dramatism; artificer of creative language, of complex and diverse characters, and of fast-moving plots usually based on previous dramas or stories.



EARLY WORKS (1589-93):

Titus Andronicus
The Comedy of Errors
Henry VI (3 parts)
Richard III

and later (1593-97)

The Taming of the Shrew
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Love's Labour's Lost
Romeo and Juliet
King John
Richard II
A Midsummer Night's Dream
The Merchant of Venice

Venus and Adonis (1593)
The Rape of Lucrece (1594)


MIDDLE WORKS (1598-1604)

Henry IV (2 parts)
Henry V
The Merry Wives of Windsor
Much Ado About Nothing
Julius Caesar
As You Like It
Hamlet
Twelfth Night
Troilus and Cressida
All's Well that Ends Well
Measure for Measure


LATER TRAGEDIES (1605-8):

Othello
King Lear
Macbeth
Antony and Cleopatra
Coriolanus
Timon of Athens



ROMANCES AND LAST WORKS

The Sonnets (1609)

Pericles
Cymbeline
The Winter's Tale
The Tempest

Henry VIII
The Two Noble Kinsmen


Collected plays in the "First Folio", a.k.a.

Mr William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories and Tragedies,
1623.





UNA COMEDIA FESTIVA DE SHAKESPEARE (EN ESPAÑOL). NOCHE DE REYES, por Morfeo Teatro, grupo de teatro de nuestra Facultad.



(Nuestra selección, min. 25)





An introductory lesson on Shakespeare. There are a few mistakes, but anyway it's lively and worth hearing.




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Sección B: Recordatorio: Id estudiando a la par los autores del  siglo XX. Ahora vamos por la Unidad 6.
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SECCIÓN A:

Una introducción sencillita a Shakespeare, en español:  "La Biblioteca: William Shakespeare": https://soundcloud.com/cesarvidal/la-biblioteca-050516

- Y otra en inglés: https://youtu.be/QPMbnodlFgM

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NIVEL AVANZADO:


Shakespeare: Nivel avanzado

 

Una lección sobre King Lear, una de sus grandes tragedias.

En español, una representación de Hamlet (Estudio 1).

 
Entrar en Shakespeare es no salir. Quien quiera ampliar conocimientos sobre él (y es, dicho mal y pronto, el autor más importante que haya escrito jamás en cualquier literatura) tiene millones de páginas en Internet. Ask Google. 


Y unas notas sobre dos contemporáneos que precedieron a Shakespeare: Kyd y Marlowe.
 
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Con los Pilares acabamos la primera fase del curso "antes de Shakespeare". Momento de reflexión y evaluación sobre la marcha del curso...

-  ¿Seguís bien las clases? Si hay problemas de comprensión, etc.—se admiten más preguntas en clase, y consulta de dudas en tutorías. Quienes no asistan, espero que lleven una marcha de estudio constante sin embargo, porque no es en absoluto recomendable el intentar prepararse esta asignatura en unas pocas semanas antes del examen.

- ¿Tenéis material adecuado? Habéis comprado, en efecto, un buen diccionario, un buen manual o dos, de literatura inglesa y norteamericana?

- ¿Consultáis con regularidad esta web y los materiales adicionales? ¿Os acordáis de traer a clase las lecturas al día? ¿Vais siguiendo por vuestra cuenta la sección B del programa (siglo XX), a la par que la sección A?

Si no es el caso, ahora estáis a tiempo de coger la marcha, que aún estamos iniciando el curso. Pero si no lo habéis hecho hasta ahora, pensad que requiere quizá un cambio de hábitos y más horario semanal dedicado al estudio de esta asignatura.

Id decidiendo ya si queréis hacer trabajos de curso o solamente examen final, y organizad el trabajo de modo acorde. Si alguien quiere hacer los trabajos en forma de presentación en clase, que me aviste para fijar fecha.

- Para la preparación de la materia del examen: tened en cuenta que una pregunta del tema será el nombre de uno de los autores de la sección A del programa, para hacer una redacción en inglés sobre él. Otro tema de redacción (a elegir entre el primero y éste) será más amplio, sobre un género y época, tipo "La poesía en el Renacimiento"—pero naturalmente conviene hablar en ella de los autores y lecturas que conozcáis relacionados con esa cuestión, y utilizar tanto lo que oigáis en clase o preparéis con manuales, como vuestra propia experiencia de lectura. El comentario / traducción (parte principal del examen) puede ser de cualquier texto del programa, pero si pongo un texto de la sección B será a elegir con otro de la sección A.


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 El 9 de octubre leeremos algo de Spenser (The Faerie Queene), y pasamos a Shakespeare.

 

 

English drama before Shakespeare:

 

- Medieval Mysteries and Moralities 


- Humanist drama:

John Heywood,  The Play of the Weather. 1533.

Nicholas Udall, Ralph Roister Doister. c. 1552.

Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville, Gorboduc. 1562.


- The University Wits:

John Lyly, Sapho and Phao. 1584.
_____. Endimion.
1591. 

- Robert Greene, Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay. c. 1589. 

- Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy. 1580s.

- Christopher Marlowe,
_____. Tamburlaine the Great.  c. 1586.
_____. The Jew of Malta. 
c. 1592.
_____. Edward II. 
1593.
_____. Doctor Faustus. 
c. 1592-93.

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 Después de los Pilares, pasamos a la unidad 2 - Renaissance literature. Necesitaremos los textos de Sidney, Spenser y Shakespeare (de éste hay varios).


El lunes hablamos sobre todo de un par de poetas renacentistas, Sidney y Spenser. Sobre ambos hay material en Luminarium, un interesante sitio web sobre literatura inglesa clásica que tenéis recomendado en el programa.

"Sir Philip Sidney." At Luminarium.org
    http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/sidney.htm




Luego pasaremos a Shakespeare, de quien hay una selección más larga de fragmentos. Id leyendo lo que podáis, y traed a clase los textos. También se pueden consultar problemas de comprensión con las lecturas en tutorías, tomando nota de vuestras dudas.

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SIR PHILIP SIDNEY         (1554-1586)

English renaissance poet, critic and man of letters, aristocratic courtier under Elizabeth, and Protestant leader; d. in combat at Zutphen, Low Countries.

_____.  Arcadia.
Prose romance. 1580s, pub. 1590.
_____. Astrophil and Stella.
Sonnet sequence. c. 1582, pub. 1591, 1598. (Sonnet 1 - Sonnet 45)
_____. An Apologie for Poetry or The Defence of Poetry.
Discourse. Written c. 1580, pub. 1595.


- A video lecture on Sidney - Astrophil and Stella


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NIVEL AVANZADO:

-  The English humanists 

- A video documentary on Sir Philip Sidney.

-  The Elizabethan Sonnet

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EDMUND SPENSER         (1552-1599)

English poet, b. London middle classes, st. Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, MA 1576; colonist in Ireland, advocates famine and genocide, victim of Irish rebellion, Elizabethan courtier, quasi-Poet laureate.

_____.
"Visions" and sonnets, trans. from Petrarch and du Bellay.
_____. The Shepheards Calendar.
1579.
_____. "Astrophel."
Elegy on Sir Philip Sidney.
_____. Complaints.
1591.
_____. Colin Clouts come Home again.
Pastoral. 1595.
_____. Amoretti.
Sonnet sequence. c. 1595.
_____. Four Hymns on Love and Beauty.
1596.
_____. Epithalamion. Poem.
1595
_____. Prothalamion. Poem.
1596.
_____. The Faerie Queene.
Unfinished epic poem. Books 1-3, 1590. Then 1596, 1609.
_____. A View of the Present State of Ireland.
1596, pub. 1603.






Read also Sonnet 75



Spenserian stanza: ababbcbcc (with a final Alexandrine)


Una pequeña introducción a Spenser, del Oxford Companion to English Literature.


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NIVEL AVANZADO

The Faerie Queene (Oxford Companion)

Andrew Hadfield on Edmund Spenser (video)

A lecture on Spenser and The Faerie Queene (Adam Crowley)



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16th-century England: The historical and literary context

Tudor dynasty:
Henry VII r. 1485-
Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547; Reformation, 1529-39),
    - Edward VI (1547-53),
    - Mary Tudor (1553-58),
    - Elizabeth (r. 1558-1603) - The Armada, 1588


Religious writings:

- The Book of Common Prayer (1549-)

Biblical translations:
- William Tyndale; Miles Coverdale; 

- The Bishops' Bible.
- (Later: King James Bible or "Authorized Version" in 1611)

Scottish reformers:
John Knox, Sir David Lindsay, George Buchanan. 

 

Petrarchan poets (Tottel's Miscellany, 1557):

- Sir Thomas Wyatt
- Earl of Surrey  
  


Rhyme scheme of the Elizabethan sonnet: 

abab cdcd efef gg


Prose writers:

Sir Thomas More, Utopia. 1516 (English, 1551).
 

Sir Thomas Elyot, The Governour. 1531.
 

Sir John Cheke, The Hurt of Sedition. 1549.
 

Thomas Wilson, The Arte of Rhetorique. 1553.
 

John Foxe, Book of Martyrs (Actes and Monuments). 1563.
 

Roger Ascham, The Scholemaster. 1570.
 

Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. 1577.
 

John Lyly. Euphues. Romance. 1578.
 

William Camden, Britannia. Geography. 1586.
 

Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. 1589.
 

Sir Walter Ralegh, The Discovery of Guiana. 1596.

 


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Recordad que seguimos añadiendo nuevos autores en la Sección B (tema 6).

 

 

Tema 1: Literatura inglesa medieval

martes, 27 de octubre de 2020

The Faerie Queene (Oxford Companion) (NIVEL AVANZADO)

 

From The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble.


The Faerie Queene, the greatest work of *Spenser, of which the first three books were published 1590, and the second three 1596.

The general scheme of the work is proposed in the author's introductory letter addressed to *Ralegh. By the Faerie Queene the poet signifies Glory in the abstract and *Elizabeth I in particular (who also figures under the names of *Britomart, *Belphoebe, *Mercilla, and *Gloriana). Twelve of her knights, the 'patrons' or examples of 12 different virtues, each undertake an adventure, on the 12 successive days of the queen's annual festival, and an account of their origins was to have been given in the last of 12 books. Prince Arthur symbolizes 'magnificence', in the Aristotelian sense (says the author) of the perfection of all the other virtues (he must have meant not 'magnificence' but 'magnanimity', or 'gentlemanliness'). Arthur has a  vision of the Faerie Queene and, determining to seek her out, is brought into the adventures of the several knights and carries them to a successful issue. This explanation, given in the introduction,does not appear from the poem itself, for the authors starts at once with the adventures of the knights; as we have it the poem does not conform to his scheme. Of the six books Spenser published, the subjects are:

I, the adventures of the *Redcrosse Knight of Holiness (the Anglican Church), the protector of the virgin *Una (truth, or the true religion), and the wiles of *Archimago and *Duessa.

the Redcrosse Knight, in Bk I of Spenser's *Faerie Queene, St. George, the patron saint of England. He is separated from *Una (the true religion) by the wiles of *Archimago (hypocrisy) and is led away by *Duessa (the Roman Catholic religion) to the House of Pride. He drinks of an enchanted stream, loses his strength, and is made captive by the giant *Orgoglio (pride). Orgoglio is slain by Prince *Arthur, and Una leads her knight to the House of Holiness, to learn repentance and be healed. The Knight and Una are finally betrothed, after he has killed the dragon which besieged her parents' castle.

Una, in Bk. I of Spenser's *Faerie Queene, typifies singleness of the true religion. She is separated from the *Redcrosse Knight of Holiness (the Anglican Church) by the wiles of *Archimago, but meets and is protected by a lion, until the latter is killed by *Sansloy, who carries Una off to a forest. She is rescued by fauns and satyrs, and is finally united to the Redcrosse Knight.

Archimago, or Archimage, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, is the great enchanter, symbolizing Hypocrisy, who deceives *Una by assuming the appearance of the *Redcrosse Knight (I.i). His deceits are exposed and Archimago is 'layd full low in dungeon deepe' (I.xii.36). From this he emerges in Bk II to seek vengeance on Sir *Guyon for what he has suffered at the hands of the Redcrosse Knight, and employs *Braggadochio for the purpose. 

Duessa, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, the daughter of Deceit and Shame, Falsehood in general, in Bk I signifies in particular the Roman Catholic Church, and in V.ix, Mary Queen of Scots.

Orgoglio (Italian, signifying haughtiness), in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (I. vii, viii) captures the *Redcrosse Knight, and is slain by Prince *Arthur.

Arthur, Prince, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene. He symbolizes 'Magnificence' (Magnanimity), in the Aristotelian sense of the perfection of all the virtues. He enters into the adventures of the several knights and brings them to a fortunate conclusion. His chief adventures are the slaying of the three-bodied monster *Geryoneo and the rescue from him of Belge (the Netherland) V. x, xi); and, jointly with *Artegall, the slaying of the *soldan (Philip II) in his 'charret hye' (the Armada) (V. viii).

Sansfoy, Sansjoy, and Sansloy, three brothers in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (I. ii. 25 et seq.). Sansfoy ('faithless') is slain by the *Redcrosse Knight, who also defeats Sansjoy ('joyless') but the latter is saved from death by *Duessa. Sansloy ('lawless') carries off *Una and kills her lion (I. iii). This incident is supposed to refer to the suppression of the Protestant religion in the reign of Queen Mary.


II, the adventures of Sir *Guyon, the Knight of Temperance, his encounters with *Pyrochles and *Cymochles, his visit to the Cave of *Mammon and the House of Temperance, and his destruction of *Acrasia and her *Bower of Bliss. Canto x of this Book contains a chronicle of British rulers from *Brut to Elizabeth;

Guyon, Sir, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, the knight of Temperance. His various exploits, the conquest of *Pyrochles, the visit to the cave of *Mammon, the capture of *Acrasia, and the destruction of her *Bower of Bliss, are related in II. v-xii.

Braggadochio, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, the typical braggart. His adventures and final exposure and humiliation occur in II. iii; III. viii, x; IV iv, v, ix; V. iii. Cf. *Trompart.

Trompart, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (II. iii),

wylie witted, and growne old

In cunning sleights and practick knavery.

attends *Braggadochio as his squire, and with him is finally exposed and beaten out of court.

Pyrochles, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, symbolizes rage. He is the brother of *Cymochles, the son of 'old Acrates and Despight' (II. iv. 41). On his shield is a flaming fire, with the words 'Burnt do I burne'. He is overcome by Sir *Guyon (II. v), and tries to drown himself in a lake to quench his flames. He is rescued and healed by *Archimago (II. vi. 42-51), and finally killed by Prince *Arthur (II. viii).

Cymochles, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (II. v, vi, and viii), 'a man of rare redoubted might', given all to lust and loose living, the husband of *Acrasia and brother of *Pyrochles. He sets out to avenge on Sir *Guyon the supposed death of his brother, but *Phaedria intervenes. He is finally slain by Prince *Arthur

Phaedria, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (II. vi), the Lady of the Idle Lake, symbolizing immodest mirth.

Mammon, theCave of, described in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (II. vii). It is the treasure-house of the god of wealth, visited by Sir Guyon. Milton in his *Areopagitica uses the example of Spenser making Guyon visit the cave of Mammon, 'that he might see and know, and yet abstain'.

Acrasia, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, II. xii, typifies Intemperance. She is captured and bound by Sir *Guyon, and her *Bower of Bliss destroyed.

Bower of Bliss, the, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (II. xii), the home of *Acrasia, demolished by Sir *Guyon.

 

III, the legend of Chastity, exemplified by *Britomart and *Belphoebe;

Britomart, the heroine of Book III of Spenser's *Faerie Queene, the daughter of King Ryunce of Britain and the female knight of chastity. She has fallen in love with *Artegall, whose image she has seen in a magic mirror, and the poet recounts her adventures in her quest for him. She is the most powerful of several types of Queen Elizabeth in the poem. 

Belphoebe, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, the chaste huntress, daughter of the nymph Chrysogone and twin sister of *Amoret; she partly symbolizes Queen Elizabeth. Belphoebe puts *Braggadochio to flight (II. iii), finds herbs to heal the wounded *Timias ('whether it divine Tobacco were, / Or Panachae, or Polygony', III. v), and rescues Amoret from *Corflambo (IV. vii).

Artegall, Sir, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, V, the champion of Justice. *Britomart, to whom his image has been revealed by a magic mirror, is in love with him, and her quest of him ends in their union. Representing Lord Grey de Wilton, he undertakes the rescue of Irena (Ireland) from the tyrant Grantorto. Jointly with Prince *Arthur he slays the *soldan (Philip II of Spain). His name perhaps signifies 'equal to Arthur'.

Timias, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, Prince *Arthur's squire, may represent *Ralegh. When wounded (III. v), he is healed by *Belphoebe. The incident of Timias and *Amoret, in IV vii. 35 and 36, may allude to Ralegh's relations with Elizabeth Throckmorton.

Amoret, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, III. vi, xii and IV. vii, daughter of the nymph Chrisogone and twin sister of *Belphoebe. She is 'Of grace and beautie noble Paragone', and has been married to Sir *Scudamour, but carried off immediately after by the enchanter *Busirane and imprisoned by him until released by *Britomart. *Timias loves her, but being reproved by Belphoebe leaves her. This incident refgers to the displeasure of Queen Elizabeth at the relations of  *Ralegh with Elizabeth Throckmorton.

Busirane, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (III. xi and xii) the 'vile Enchaunter' symbolizing unlawful love. He is struck down by *Britomart in his castle and forced to release *Amoret. On the door of one of the rooms of the castle was written:

Be bold, be bold, and every where Be bold.

But on another iron door,

Be not too bold.

 

IV, the legend of *Triamond and *Cambell, exemplifying Friendship; together with the story of *Scudamour and *Amoret.

Triamond, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (IV. iii, iv), the Knight of Friendship. After an inconclusive fight with *Cambello  in the contest to decide which of her suitors *Canacee (Cambello's sister) is to be awarded, Triamond and Cambello swear eternal friendship. IN the tournament arranged by *Satyrane, Triamond, though wounded, returns to rescue Cambello. He marries Canacee.

Cambell, or Cambello, the name given by Spenser in The Faerie Queene, IV. iii, to *Cambalo, whose tale he borrows from 'Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled', and completes. Cambell is brother of *Canacee, for whom there are many suitors. It is arranged that the stronges of these, three brothers, shall fight with Cambell and the lady be awarded to the victor. Two of the brothers are defeated: the contest between the third, *Triamond, and Cambell is undecided, each wounding the other.They are reconciled by Cambina, Triamond's sister; Canacee is awarded to Triamond and Cambell marries Cambina. The magic ring of Canacee in the 'Squire's Tale' reappears in the Faerie Queene, with the power of healing wounds.

Canacee, the daughter of King Cambuscan in Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale' (see CANTERBURY TALES, 11) and in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, Bk IV. 

Cambalo, one of the two sons of King Cambuscan, in Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale': see CANTERBURY TALES, 11; see also *Cambell for the continuation of his story in Spenser's *Faerie Queene.


V, the adventures of *Artegall, the Knight of Justice, in which allegorical reference is made to various historical events of the reign of Queen Elizabeth: the defeat of the Spaniards in the Netherlands, the recantation of Henry IV of France, the execution of *Mary Queen of Scots, and the administration of Ireland by Lord Grey de Wilton;

soldan (from the Arabic sultan). The soldan or souldan, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (V. viii) represents Philip II of Spain. He is encountered by Prince *Arthur and Sir *Artegall with a bold defiance from Queen *Mercilla (Elizabeth), and the combat is undecided until the prince unveils his shield and terrifies the soldan's horses, so that they overturn his chariot and the soldan is torn 'all to rags'. The unveiling of the Shield signifies divine interposition.

Geryoneo, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (V. x and xi), a three-bodied giant who represent's Philip II's power which controlled Spain, Portugal, and the Low Countries.

Mercilla, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene (V., viii), 'a mayden Queene of high renowne' (Queen *Elizabeth I), whose crown the *soldan seeks to subvert.


VI, the adventures of Sir *Calidore, exemplifying Courtesy. 

Calidore, Sir, the Knight of Courtesy, the hero of Bk VI of Spenser's *Faerie Queene. He pursues and chains the *Blatant Beast. One of Keats's earliest poems, the fragment 'Young Calidore is paddling o'er the lake' (1816) was inspired by him.

Blatant Beast, in Spenser's *Faerie Queene, Bk VI, a monster, the personification of the calumnious voice of the world, begotten of Envy and Detraction. Sir *Calidore pursues it, finds it despoiling monasteries and defiling the church, overcomes it, and chains it up. But finally it breaks the chain, 'So now he raungeth through the world againe.' Cf. *Questing Beast. (Glatysaunt Beast, the creature in Malory's *Morte D'Arthur which is the original of *Spenser's 'blatant beast'. The word is from an Old French term meaning 'baying', 'barking'. In Malory it is pursued by Palomydes the Saracen).


There is also a fragment on *Mutabilitie, being the sixth and seventh cantos of the legend of Constancie, which was to have formed the seventh Book. This fragment contains a charming description of the seasons and the months.

'Mutabilitie Cantos', name given to the fragmentary 'Book VII' of Spenser's *Faerie Queene: two cantos only, first published with the folio edition of The Faerie Queene in 1609. They describe the challenge of the Titaness Mutabilitie to the cosmic government of Jove. (The first canto includes the charming topographical fable of Faunus and Molanna, which reflects Spenser's affection for his Irish home.) The goddess Nautre vindicates Jove's rule, displaying its orderly beauty in a procession of Seasons and Months, asserting finally that natural things 'are not changed from their first estate / but by their change their being doe dilate'. The cantos can be seen as an epilogue to The Faerie Queene, ending with the poet's prayer. 


The work as a whole, modelled to some extent on the *Orlando furioso of Ariosto, suffers from a certain monotony, and its chief beauties lie in the particular episodes with which the allegory is varied and in descriptions, such as those of the Cave of Mammon and the temptation of Sir Guyon by the Lady of the Idle Lake, in Bk. II. The meaning of many of the allusions, which must have added to the interest of the work for contemporaries, is now lost. The poem is written in the stanza invented by Spenser (and since utilized by James *Thomson, *Keats, *Shelley, and *Byron), in which a ninth line of twelve syllables is added to eight lines of ten syllables, rhyming  a b a b b c b c c.


Edmund Spenser



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martes, 8 de octubre de 2019

Spenser

From The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble:

SPENSER, Edmund (c. 1552-99), the elder son of John Spenser, who was probably related to the Spencers of Althorp, and was described as a journeyman in the art of cloth-making. Edmund Spenser was probably born in East Smithfield, London, and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, under Mulcaster, and Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. In 1569, while still at Cambridge, he contributed a number of 'Visions' and sonnets, from Petrarch and du Bellay, to van der Noodt's Theatre for Worldlings. To the 'greener times' of his youth belong also the 'Hymne in Honour of Love' and that of 'Beautie' (not published until 1596), which reflect his study of Neoplatonism. After possibly spending some time in the north, he became secretary to John Young, bishop of Rochester, in 1578, and in 1579, through his college friend Gabriel Harvey, obtained a place in [the Earl of] Leicester's household. There he became acquainted with Sir Philip Sidney, to whom he dedicated his Shepheardes Calender (1579). He probably married Machabyas Chylde in the same year, and also began to write The Faerie Queene. In 1580 he was appointed secretary to Lord Grey of Wilton, then going to Ireland as lord deputy. In 1588 or 1589 he became one of the 'undertakers' for the settlement of Munster, and acquired Kilcolman Castle in Co. Cork. Here he settled and occupied himself with literary work, writing his elegy 'Astrophel', on Sidney, and preparing 'The Faerie Queene'  for the press. The first three books of it were entrusted to the publisher during his visit to London in 1589. He returned reluctantly to Kilcolman, which he liked to regard as a place of exile, in 1591, recording his visit to London and return in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (printed 1595). The success of The Faerie Queene led the publisher, Ponsonby, to issue his minor verse and juvenilia, in part rewritten, as Complaints, Containing Sundrie Small Poemes of the Worlds Vanitie (1591). This volume included 'The Ruines of Time', which was a further elegy on Sidney, dedicated to Sidney's sister, the countess of Pembroke, 'Mother Hubberds Tale', Muiopotmos, 'The Tears of the Muses', and 'Virgils Gnat'. Also in 1591 Daphnaïda was published, an elegy on Douglas Howard, the daughter of Lord Byndon and wife of Sir A. Gorges. In 1594 he married Elizabeth Boyle, whom he had wooed in his Amoretti, and celebrated the marriage in his superb Epithalamion: the works were printed together in 1595. He published Books IV-VI of The Faerie Queene and his Fowre Hymnes in 1596, being in London for the purpose at the house of his friend the earl of Essex, where he wrote his Prothalamion and also his well-informed though propagandist View of the Present State of Ireland. He returned to Ireland, depressed both in mind and health, in 1596 or 1597. His castle of Kilcolman was burnt in October 1598, in a sudden insurrection of the natives, chiefly O'Neills, under the earl of Desmond; he was compelled to flee to Cork with his wife and three children. We do not know what works, if any, were lost at Kilcolman, but Ponsonby in 1591 had mentioned other works by Spenser which are not now extant, and in The Shepheardes Calender reference is made to his discourse of the 'English Poet'. He died in London in distress, if not actual destitution, at a lodging in King Street, Westminster. His funeral expenses were borne by the earl of Essex, and he was buried near his favourite Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. His monument, set up some 20 years later by Lady Anne Clifford, describes him as 'THE PRINCE OF POETS IN HIS TYME': there have been few later periods in which he has not been admired, and the poetry of both Milton and Keats had its origins in the reading of Spenser.

See the Variorum edition of his works, with a biography and full critical commentary, ed. E. Greenlaw, C. G. Osgood, F. M. Padelford, et al. (10 vols, 1932-57).







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Literatura isabelina (NIVEL AVANZADO)


Nivel avanzado: literatura isabelina (Siglo XVI: Sidney, Spenser, etc...)



 

A short video lecture on the Renaissance and Sir Philip Sidney:

"Carolus Aureus: Sir Philip Sidney." (Critical Theory As It Is). YouTube 7 March 2011.*
    http://youtu.be/1eFkzPR89s4
    2014








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The Secret Life of Books: The Faerie Queene (BBC documentary): https://youtu.be/vQh1IbTUhFA


Un enlace a Astrophel and Stella  de Sir Philip Sidney.
http://ebooks.gutenberg.us/Renascence_Editions/stella.html


Notas sobre The Elizabethan Sonnet (Sidney Lee, en Cambridge History of English Literature)


Poco diremos de un importante dramaturgo libertino del siglo XVI, Christopher Marlowe. Aquí hay algo más sobre su obra y estilo.



Y unas notas sobre otro colega y compañero de habitación: Kyd y Marlowe.
 
Entrar en Shakespeare es no salir. Quien quiera ampliar conocimientos sobre él (y es, dicho mal y pronto, el autor más importante que haya escrito jamás en cualquier literatura) tiene millones de páginas en Internet.


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On the earlier years of the century: Some notes on the 16th-c. English humanists (from Legouis and Cazamian's History of English Literature).

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Un blog sobre literatura inglesa (y norteamericana)

  Este blog fue utilizado como material auxiliar para una asignatura del grado de Lenguas Modernas en la Universidad de Zaragoza, asignatur...